Ophthalmoplegia With Isolated Extraocular Muscle Hypertrophy.

A 60-year-old man is experiencing diplopia but no problems with visual acuity, pain, or other symptoms. A magnetic resonance image of the head shows abnormal thickening and T2 hyperintensity of the right lateral rectus muscle. What is your diagnosis?

Eye Muscle MRI in Myasthenia Gravis and Other Neuromuscular Disorders.

INTRODUCTION: MRI of extra-ocular muscles (EOM) in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) could aid in diagnosis and provide insights in therapy-resistant ophthalmoplegia. We used quantitative MRI to study the EOM in MG, healthy and disease controls, including Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO), oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) and chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO). METHODS: Twenty recently diagnosed MG (59±19yrs), nineteen chronic MG (51±16yrs), fourteen seronegative MG (57±9yrs) and sixteen healthy controls (54±13yrs) were included. Six CPEO (49±14yrs), OPMD (62±10yrs) and GO patients (44±12yrs) served as disease controls. We quantified muscle fat fraction (FF), T2water and volume. Eye ductions and gaze deviations were assessed by synoptophore and Hess-charting. RESULTS: Chronic, but not recent onset, MG patients showed volume increases (e.g. superior rectus and levator palpebrae [SR+LPS] 985±155 mm3 compared to 884±269 mm3 for healthy controls, p < 0.05). As expected, in CPEO volume was decreased (e.g. SR+LPS 602±193 mm3, p < 0.0001), and in GO volume was increased (e.g. SR+LPS 1419±457 mm3, p < 0.0001). FF was increased in chronic MG (e.g. medial rectus increased 0.017, p < 0.05). In CPEO and OPMD the FF was more severely increased. The severity of ophthalmoplegia did not correlate with EOM volume in MG, but did in CPEO and OPMD. No differences in T2water were found. INTERPRETATION: We observed small increases in EOM volume and FF in chronic MG compared to healthy controls. Surprisingly, we found no atrophy in MG, even in patients with long-term ophthalmoplegia. This implies that even long-term ophthalmoplegia in MG does not lead to secondary structural myopathic changes precluding functional recovery.

External Ophthalmoplegia and Brainstem White Matter Lesions: Presentation of Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1.

INTRODUCTION: Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is an autosomal dominant condition which phenotype can be extremely variable considering its multisystem involvement, including the central nervous system. Neuromuscular findings are facial and distal extremities muscle weakness, muscle atrophy and myotonia. Standard diagnosis is obtained with molecular testing to detect CTG expansions in the myotonic dystrophy protein of the kinase gene. Brain magnetic resonance imaging typically shows characteristic subcortical white matter (WM) abnormalities located within anterior temporal lobes. CASE REPORT: We present a 39-year-old male patient with a progressive external ophthalmoplegia, facial and limb muscle weakness, percussion myotonia and atypical brain magnetic resonance imaging findings, showing confluent brainstem WM lesions, affecting the pons, a rare radiologic feature in this disorder. Genetic testing confirmed the diagnosis for DM1. CONCLUSION: This presentation with external ophthalmoplegia and brainstem WM loss in DM1 can show an important correlation with clinical findings and have an important diagnostic and prognostic value.

Sphenoid sinus mucocele causing ptosis with pupil-spared ophthalmoplegia: a hint on carotid artery doppler ultrasound.

OBJECTIVE: Sphenoid sinuses mucocele (SSM) is an uncommon cause of orbital apex syndrome (OAS). Diagnosis of neurological complications in SSM might be delayed when the expansion of mucocele beyond the sinuses is not evident in conventional sinuses imaging. METHODS: We present a case of a 76-years old man with spared-pupil ophthalmoplegia associated with ptosis caused by a unilateral left SSM in which internal carotid artery Doppler ultrasound showed distal sub-occlusion waves pattern. RESULTS: Sinus occupation was noted in the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and was further evaluated in computed tomography (CT) scan and MR angiography. Nor CT or MR angiography showed clear evidence of neighboring structures compression. Doppler ultrasound of internal carotid showed high-resistance waveforms and decreased wave velocities helping diagnosis. Structures compression was confirmed intra-operatively and the patient was discharged asymptomatic after sphenoid sinus drainage. CONCLUSION: In this first report of carotid Doppler ultrasound findings in a patient with a neurological presentation of a sphenoid sinus mucocele, a high-resistance waveform of the internal carotid may help differentiate uncomplicated sinusitis from invasive mucocele.

Orbital giant cell myositis is an unusual and potentially lethal cause of bilateral ophthalmoplegia - A case report and literature review.

We present a case of orbital giant cell myositis (OGCM), presenting with bilateral subacute progressive ophthalmoplegia and optic nerve dysfunction. An early extraocular muscle biopsy confirmed the diagnosis and guided appropriate management. Comprehensive investigation excluded any underlying systemic disease, including myocarditis. Twenty two months after presentation, the patient remains well on azathioprine with complete resolution of orbital signs.

Síndrome del uno y medio asociado a parálisis facial: presentación de un caso / One and a half syndrome associated with facial paralysis. A case report

Introducción: el síndrome del uno y medio, descrito por primera vez por Miller Fisher en 1967, se caracteriza por la presencia de parálisis de la mirada conjugada horizontal y oftalmoplejía internuclear ipsilateral. Eggenberger descubrió la combinación del síndrome del uno y medio y la parálisis del nervio facial ipsilateral, y lo denominó síndrome del ocho y medio. Caso clínico: paciente de 36 años de edad con antecedentes de salud, que acude por desviación de la boca y visión doble con ambos ojos en mirada hacia la derecha e izquierda, con mareos. Al examen oftalmológico en ojo derecho presenta limitación de la abducción y aducción con movimientos verticales conservados. Ojo izquierdo: limitación de la aducción del ojo con abducción y movimientos verticales conservados, nistagmo en abducción y exotropia menor de 15 grados, dificultad para el cierre palpebral del ojo derecho con desviación de la comisura labial del lado izquierdo. Discusión: las causas más frecuentes son el infarto protuberancial y la esclerosis múltiple, siguiendo las hemorragias pontinas y los tumores del tallo cerebral. Se indicó imagen por resonancia magnética. Conclusiones: se diagnostica parálisis facial periférica derecha y síndrome del uno y medio, el estudio de imagen mostró tumor a nivel de tronco encefálico (puente). Se trató con radioterapia(AU)

Introduction: the one-and-a-half syndrome, first described by Miller Fisher in 1967, is characterized by the presence of horizontal conjugated gaze palsy and ipsilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Eggenberger discovered the combination of one-and-a-half syndrome and ipsilateral facial nerve palsy, and named it eight-and-a-half syndrome. Clinical case: 36-year-old patient with a medical history, who comes to the hospital due to a deviation of the mouth and double vision with both eyes looking to the right and left, with dizziness. On ophthalmological examination in the right eye, he presented limited abduction and adduction with preserved vertical movements. Left eye: limitation of adduction of the eye with abduction and preserved vertical movements, nystagmus in abduction and exotropia less than 15 degrees, difficulty in closing the right eye with a deviation of the labial commissure on the left side. Discussion: the most frequent causes are pontine infarction and multiple sclerosis, followed by pontine hemorrhages and brain stem tumors. Magnetic resonance imaging was indicated. Conclusions: right peripheral facial palsy and one-and-a-half syndrome were diagnosed, the imaging study showed a tumor at the level of the brainstem (bridge). It was treated with radiotherapy(EU)

Diffusion Tensor Imaging Tractography Detecting Isolated Oculomotor Paralysis Caused by Pituitary Apoplexy.

OBJECTIVES: Pituitary apoplexy (PA)-induced oculomotor palsy, although rare, can be caused by compression on the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus. This study aimed to visualize PA-induced oculomotor nerve damage using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We enrolled 5 patients with PA-induced isolated oculomotor palsy (patient group) and 10 healthy participants (control group); all underwent DTI tractography preoperatively. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusion (MD) values of the cisternal portion of the bilateral oculomotor nerve were measured. DTI tractography was repeated after the recovery of oculomotor palsy. RESULTS: While no statistical difference was observed in FA and MD values of the bilateral oculomotor nerve in the control group (P>0.05), the oculomotor nerve on the affected side was disrupted in the patient group, with a statistical difference in FA and MD values of the bilateral oculomotor nerve (P<0.01). After the recovery of oculomotor palsy, the FA value of the oculomotor nerve on the affected side increased, whereas the MD value decreased (P<0.01). Meanwhile, no significant difference was observed in FA and MD values of the bilateral oculomotor nerve (P>0.05). DTI tractography of the oculomotor nerve on the affected side revealed restoration of integrity. Furthermore, the symptoms of oculomotor palsy improved in all patients 7 days postoperatively. CONCLUSION: DTI tractography could be a helpful adjunct to the standard clinical and paraclinical ophthalmoplegia examinations in patients with PA; thus, this study establishes the feasibility of DTI tractography in this specific clinical setting.

A Very Rapidly Growing, Spontaneous, Internal Carotid Artery Dissecting Aneurysm Triggering Simultaneous Complete Ophthalmoplegia and a Cerebral Infarct.

BACKGROUND: Simultaneous ipsilateral complete ophthalmoplegia and multiple cerebral infarctions are very rare, especially secondary to a very rapidly growing, spontaneous dissecting aneurysm in the cavernous segment of the internal carotid artery (ICA). CASE DESCRIPTION: We describe a 26-year-old woman who presented with sudden-onset, right-sided, spontaneous ophthalmoplegia with left hemiparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a middle cerebral artery territory infarction. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) revealed multiple arterial dissections involving both the vertebral artery and right ICA, with a dissecting aneurysm in the cavernous segment of the ICA. On day 3, the partial ophthalmoplegia worsened to complete ophthalmoplegia (third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerve palsies), despite conservative treatment. Follow-up DSA showed increased aneurysm size. The dissecting aneurysm was successfully managed by stent-assisted coil embolization. After endovascular treatment, the ophthalmoplegia, ptosis, and headache gradually resolved. CONCLUSION: This is the first reported case of simultaneous cerebral infarction and complete ophthalmoplegia attributed to a rapidly growing dissecting aneurysm of the cavernous ICA; such aneurysms readily cause thromboembolism. Physicians who treat patients with dissecting aneurysms should carefully monitor aneurysm growth.

The recurrent TUBB3 Gly98Ser substitution is the first described to inconsistently result in CFEOM3.

Missense variants in TUBB3 have historically been associated with either congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles type 3 (CFEOM3) or malformations of cortical development (MCD). Until a recent report identified two amino acid substitutions in four patients that had clinical features of both disorders, pathogenic variants of TUBB3 were thought distinct to either respective disorder. Three recurrent de novo Gly71Arg TUBB3 substitutions and a single patient with a de novo Gly98Ser substitution blurred the MCD and CFEOM3 phenotypic distinctions. Here we report a second patient with a missense c.292G>A (p.Gly98Ser) substitution, but without CFEOM3, the first reported evidence that even the same TUBB3 substitution can produce a spectrum of TUBB3 syndrome phenotypes. Our patient presented with amblyopia, exotropia, optic disc pallor, and developmental delay. Neuroimaging identified hypoplasia of the corpus callosum, interdigitation of the frontal lobe gyri, and dysplasia or hypoplasia of the optic nerves, basal ganglia, brainstem, and cerebellum. This report identifies the TUBB3 Gly98Ser substitution to be recurrent but inconsistently including CFEOM3, and identifies the absence of joint contractures and the presence of optic disc abnormalities that may be genotype-specific to the TUBB3 Gly98Ser substitution.

COVID-19-Associated Miller Fisher Syndrome: MRI Findings.

Miller Fisher syndrome, also known as Miller Fisher variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome, is an acute peripheral neuropathy that can develop after exposure to various viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens. It is characterized by a triad of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and areflexia. Miller Fisher syndrome has recently been described in the clinical setting of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) without accompanying imaging. In this case, we report the first presumptive case of COVID-19-associated Miller Fisher syndrome with MR imaging findings.

Oftalmoplejía externa y visceromegalia como alerta de enfermedad de Gaucher en pacientes con trastornos del neurodesarrollo / External ophthalmoplegia and visceromegaly as alert for Gaucher disease in patients suffering neurodevelopmental disorders

Objetivo: Valorar la importancia de la asociación de visceromegalia y oftalmoplejía externa de aparición temprana en la vida, en pacientes con trastornos del neurodesarrollo, para eldiagnóstico de la forma neuronopática de enfermedad de Gaucher.Caso clínico: Lactante de seis meses ingresada por presentar afectación global del neurodesarrollo, microcefalia, postura frecuente de hiperextensión de cuello y tronco (opistótonos), crisis recurrentes de cianosis, hepatomegalia, esplenomegalia y evidente limitación de la motilidad ocular extrínseca bilateral. Además, se evidenció en la paciente retraso de la osificación. La existencia de hepatoesplenomegalia y limitación dela motilidad ocular extrínseca bilateral fueron manifestaciones decisivas en el diagnóstico clínico, aunque inicialmente hubo dudas respecto a la afectación del neurodesarrollo, (retraso vs regresión). No obstante, la determinación de la mutación L444P del gen GBA1 permitió el diagnóstico definitivo.Conclusiones: La presencia de visceromegalia y oftalmoplejía externa bilateral de aparición temprana en la vida, en pacientes con trastornos del neurodesarrollo, son manifestacionesque sugieren la forma neuronopática (tipo 2) de la enfermedad de Gaucher. Estos pacientes pueden presentar manifestaciones atípicas como retraso del neurodesarrollo y afectación ósea(AU)

Objective: To assess the importance of the association of visceromegaly and early-onset external ophthalmoplegia, in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders, for the diagnosis of the neuropathic form of Gaucher disease.Clinical case report: A six-month-old infant was admitted for showing globalneurodevelopmental involvement, microcephaly, frequent posture of neck and trunk hyperextension (opisthotonos), recurrent cyanosis crises, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, andevident limitation of bilateral extrinsic ocular motility. Furthermore, delayed ossification was evident in the patient. The existence of hepatosplenomegaly and limitation of bilateral extrinsic ocular motility were decisive manifestations in the clinical diagnosis, although initially there were doubts regarding neurodevelopmental involvement (delay vs. regression). However, the determination of L444P mutation of GBA1 gene allowed thedefinitive diagnosis.Conclusions: The presence of visceromegaly and early-onset bilateral external ophthalmoplegia, in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders, are manifestations that suggest Gaucher disease neuropathic form (type 2). These patients may have atypicalmanifestations such as neurodevelopmental delay and bone involvement(AU)